M.Phil. Physiology Courses

First Semester (Spring, 12 CREDITS)

COMPULSORY COURSES (8 credit hours)

1. BMS 701 Molecular cell biology 2+0 Credit Hrs
2. BMS 702 Applied Biostatistics 2+0 Credit Hrs
3. BMS 703 Communication skills and Academic writing 1+0 Credit Hrs
4. BMS 766 Biosafety, Bioethics & One Health 2+1 Credit Hrs
5. BMS 798 Seminars, symposia, conferences Non credit

No. of credit hours for compulsory courses 8 Credit hrs

SPECIALITY COURSES

1. PHY 702: Physiology of Blood, Clotting & Immunity 1+1 Credit Hrs

2. PHY 703: Neurobiology 2+0 Credit Hrs

No. of credit hours for Subject courses 4 Credit Hrs

Total no. Of credit hours for Spring semester 12 credit hours

Second Semester (Fall, 12 Credits)

SPECIALITY COURSES

1. PHY 701: Endocrinology 1 2+1 Credit Hrs
2. PHY 704: Heart & CVS 2+1 Credit Hrs
3. PHY 705: Respiratory Physiology 2+0 Credit Hrs

No. Credit hours for Specialty courses 8 credit hours

OPTIONAL COURSES (Any two: 4 credit hrs)

1. BMS 745 Diabetology 1+1 Credit Hrs
2. BMS 742 Sports Physiology 1+1 Credit Hrs
3. BMS 743 Reproductive Physiology 1+1 Credit Hrs

No. of credit hours for optional courses 4 Credit Hrs

Total no. of credit hours for Fall semester 12 credit Hrs

Third and 4^th Semester (12 Credit Hrs for thesis each)

BMS 799 Thesis 12 Credit Hrs

PHY 701: Endocrinology I

Credit Hrs 2+1

1. Course Objectives:

Upon completion of course the students will be able to:

• Comprehend the classification of endocrine glands, their functions and feedback control mechanisms

Course Contents:

General principles (classification, mechanism of action and feedback control), transport, metabolism, actions and control of secretion of the Endocrine system;

Detail discussion about physiology of Pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, Pancreas, Parathyroid glands and associated hormones.

Pathophysiology and associated disease of hormones related to Pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, Pancreas and Parathyroid glands

PHY 702: Physiology of blood, clotting and immunity

(1+1 Credit Hrs)

Course Objectives:

Upon completion of course the students will be able to:

1. Understand components of blood, functions of blood, plasma and plasma proteins

2. Understands blood grouping and principles of transfusion

3. Comprehend the body defence systems

Course Contents:

Origin and formation of blood and its components, functions of the formed elements and plasma, plasma proteins, blood grouping and cross-matching, principles of transfusion, types of anaemia and their causes; body defence systems, mechanism of immunity and vaccination, cellular and humoral immunity;

1. Practical Work:

• Know the significance of storing plasma, serum, storage and related procedures
• Know the basics, significance, physiology and pathology of the following lab investigations, also practical performance of these tests
• Blood complete picture
• Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
• Lipid profile
• Liver function tests
• Renal function tests
• Arterial blood gases
• Polymerase chain reaction.
  
  PHY 703: Neurobiology

(2+0 Credit Hrs)

Course Objectives:

Upon completion of course the students will be able to comprehend:

1. Membrane potential, mechanism of action of nerves and muscles
2. Parts of central and peripheral nervous system and their physiology
3. Functions of cells, cell membranes and its organelles
4. Membrane potential, mechanism of action of nerves and muscles
5. Parts of central and peripheral nervous system and their physiology
6. knowledge of autonomic nervous system

Course Contents:

Structure and functions of nerve, nervous system, synapse and synaptic transmission, types and functions of sensory receptors, organization and functions of spinal cord and reflexes, ascending and descending tracts

Muscle spindle and normal muscle tone, functions of thalamus, structure and functions of Cerebral Cortex, Cerebellum, Classification and functions of Basal Ganglia,

Hypothalamus and Limbic system, Intellectual functions of Brain, Autonomic nervous system; physiology of sleep, memory and epilepsy; pathophysiology of the nervous system

1. Practical Work:
2. Comprehend ethical considerations in using animals or Humans for research experiments
3. Practical handling of animals for research
4. Doing investigations and tests on humans participating in research
5. Animal handling training
6. Prepare an animal model for research

Training will include:

• Animal handling training
• Prepare an animal model for research
• Exhibit attitude towards research on human volunteers and ethical aspects
• Animal preparation and experiments on laboratory animals, maintenance of animal house;
• Pakistan Journal of Physiology
• The Journal of Physiology

PHY 704: Heart and CVS 

(2+1 Credit Hrs)

Course Objectives:

Upon completion of course the students will be able to:

1. Comprehend the basic structure and function of heart, ECG recording and interpretation
2. Understand haemodynamics and circulatory adjustments under resting and exercising conditions
3. Understand physiological principles to manage a person in shock due to various reasons
4. Discuss disorders of CVS
5. Do investigations and tests on humans participating in research
6. Use the equipment in a physiology research laboratory e.g powerlab, ELISA, western blot, PCR
7. Exhibit attitude towards research on human volunteers and ethical aspects
8. Human investigation and hands on training of exercise tolerance test (ETT), ECG, Exercise Physiology, calculation of body composition, Ultrasonography

Course Contents:

Physiology of cardiac muscle, Conductive system of the heart, Cardiac cycle, Regulation of cardiac function, ECG Recording and interpretation, Recognition of changes in ECG during different pathological conditions

Cardiac output and its regulation, Heart sounds and murmurs, Blood pressure and its regulation, Cardiovascular regulation during exercise, Coronary circulation;

Diseases associated with CVS

1. Practical

Exhibit attitude towards research on human volunteers and ethical aspects

Routine physiology experiments on animals and humans.

Study of various equipment in a physiology research laboratory, using the modern equipment like PowerLab®, Physiographs, use of transducers, blood gas analysis, treadmill exercise experiments, ECG recording in resting and exercise, calculation of body composition, Ultrasonography, Interpret the results and draw inference

PHY 705: Respiratory Physiology

(2+0 Credit Hrs)

Course Objectives:

Upon completion of course the students will be able to:

1. Comprehend organization of respiratory tract and lungs.
2. Comprehend the mechanism of breathing and respiration
3. Discuss disorders of the respiratory system
4. Comprehend basic knowledge of aviation, Physiology at high altitude and deep sea diving
5. Discuss hazards of space flight, physiological adjustments to weightlessness
6. Describe and distinguish the long-term effects of high altitude on body and its readjustments
7. Comprehend knowledge of deep sea physiology and principles of management in Dysbarism
8. Comprehend Physiological re-adjustments of body systems during exercise
9. Comprehend the bodily effects of exercise

Course Contents:

Organization of respiratory tract, Mechanics of breathing, Lung volumes and capacities, Dead space and lung compliance, Respiratory membrane and diffusion of gases, Transport of gases,

Regulation of respiration, Respiratory adjustment during exercise, Non-respiratory function of respiration, Hypoxia and Cyanosis.

The course will include acute and long term effects of high altitude on the body and readjustments to the situations, Physiology of Deep-sea diving, principles of management and prevention of dysbarism; special adjustments of the body in weightlessness and special environment in space flight; effects of acceleratory forces on body systems, hazards of cosmic rays and other hazards; physiological adjustments on return to earth.

Physiology of Exercise and changes in various body systems during exercise, Cardiovascular and respiratory re-adjustments during exercise

BMS 722: Body fluids Renal Physiology (Optional) 

(2+0 Credit Hrs)

Course Objectives:

Upon completion of course the students will be able to comprehend:

1. Body fluid compartments, ICF, ECF, Interstitial fluid, Lymph

2. Basic structure and function of the kidney

3. Glomerular Filtration, Tubular Function and urine formation

4. Endocrine and Regulatory functions of the kidney

5. Defence of Osmolality, Volume and composition of body fluids

Course Contents:

Body fluid compartments, Intracellular, extracellular, and interstitial fluid, lymph and its drainage; Functional Structure of the kidney and nephron, General functions of the kidney, Formation of urine, Formation of concentrated and dilute urine, Endocrine and regulatory functions of the kidney, role in Acid-base balance, defence of volume and tonicity of the ECF, Micturition and its abnormalities, oedema formation

 

BMS 741: Gastrointestinal Physiology and Biochemistry

(2+0 Credit Hrs)

Course Objectives:

Upon completion of course the students will be able to comprehend:

1. General structure and organization of gastro-intestinal tract
2. Functions of stomach, small and large intestine
3. Regulation of the GIT function
4. Enteric nervous system and hormones of GIT

Course Contents:

Structure and general organization, Enteric nervous system, Mastication and swallowing, Functions of stomach, Functions and movements of small and large intestine, Functions and regulation of Hormones of GIT, Functions of the Liver and biliary tract, Defecation and its control, Pathophysiology of Vomiting and Diarrhoea.

BMS 742: Sports Physiology (Optional) 

(1+1 credit hrs)

1. Course Objectives:

Upon completion of course the students will be able to:

1. Comprehend Physiological re-adjustments of body systems during exercise
2. Comprehend the bodily effects of exercise
3. Discuss physiological principles of muscle wasting and disuse atrophy
4. Human investigation and hands on training of exercise tolerance test (ETT), ECG, Exercise Physiology, calculation of body composition, Ultrasonography
5. Interpret the results and draw inference

Course Contents:

Physiology of Exercise and changes in various body systems during exercise, Cardiovascular and respiratory re-adjustments during exercise; body-building and disuse atrophy

Routine physiology experiments on animals and humans.

Study of various equipment in a physiology research laboratory, using the modern equipment like PowerLab®, Physiographs, Spirometry, blood gas analysis, treadmill exercise experiments, ECG recording in resting and exercise, Exercise Physiology, calculation of body composition.

BMS 743: Reproductive Physiology (Optional)

(1+1 Credit Hrs)

Course Objectives:

Upon completion of course the students will be able to:

1. Comprehend the functional anatomy of male and female reproductive systems

2. Comprehend the physiological processes involved in spermatogenesis, ovulation, menstrual cycle, conception and pregnancy, functions of placenta, lactation and neonatal physiology

Course Contents:

Functional anatomy of male and female reproductive systems, Hormonal and neural control, Spermatogenesis, Oogenesis and Ovulation, Puberty, Functions and regulation of Oestrogen, Progesterone, Leutinizing Hormone; Menstrual cycle, Pregnancy and Lactation, Functions of Placenta, Neonatal physiology, changes taking place in foetal circulation after birth; Physiological principles and methods of contraception

 

BMS 744: Cell and Nerve Muscle Physiology (Optional) 

(1+1 Credit Hrs)

Course Objectives:

Upon completion of course the students will be able to comprehend:

1. Functions of cells, cell membranes and its organelles

2. Membrane potential, mechanism of action of nerves and muscles

3. Architecture of the skeletal and smooth muscle and mechanism of contraction

4. Excitation-contraction coupling

5. Isotonic and isometric contraction

Course Contents:

The course will include: Physiology of cell, cell organelles and cell membranes, membrane potential, action potential; Structure and functions of nerve and muscle, neuromuscular transmission, contraction of muscles, neuromuscular blockers, tetanization, fatigue, pathophysiology of skeletal system

 

 

BMS745: Diabetology (Optional) 

(1+1 Credit Hrs)

Course Objective

Upon completion of the course student will be able to comprehend

Metabolic abnormalities in relation to glucose, lipids and protein metabolism. Diabetes mellitus and its types. Glucose and insulin regulation. Clinical assessment of disease and monitoring of progress

Course Content

Diabetes mellitus and its types. Metabolic abnormalities of glucose, carbohydrate and protein metabolism. Regulation of glucose and insulin. Glucose and insulin response curves. First phase insulin response.

Management of diabetes in relation to treatment and cure. Progression of diabetes and its complications and its monitoring and management. Interpretation of tests related to diabetes.

BMS746: Cell and tissue culture (Optional) 

(1+1 Credit Hrs)

An introduction to the theory, standard practices, and methodologies of animal cell culture. Hands-on laboratory experience including sterile technique, media preparation, cell counting, maintenance and storage of cell lines, cell transfection, characterization of cells and cell products and scale-up.

Practical:

1. recognize and employ biosafety guidelines and practices;
2. operate, calibrate, and maintain standard equipment found in an animal cell culture laboratory;
3. prepare and sterilize media and solutions used in cell culture;
4. grow, maintain, and store animal cell lines;
5. characterize cells and cell products using standard techniques; and

• perform scale-up of an animal cell culture.

BMS 747: Special senses (Optional)

(1+1 Credit Hrs)

Course Objectives:

Upon completion of course the students will be able to comprehend:

Physiology of smell, taste, hearing and vision

Course Contents:

Physiology of smell, taste, hearing and vision, optics of vision, errors of refraction and their correction, colour vision, hearing tests; pathophysiology of the nervous system and special senses.